In connection with recent studies of extremely long-living cyclotron spin-flip excitations [1-3] (CSFE) - actually magneto-excitons in a quantum Hall electron gas, the contribution to light absorption related to such a magneto-excitonic ensemble is discussed. The CSFE relaxation found experimentally in the unpolarized quantum Hall system created in a real GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure reaches 100 $\mu$s [4] at finite temperature $T\!\simeq\!0.5\,$K,
that seems to be a record value for a delocalized state excited in the conduction band of mesoscopic systems. Such a slow relaxation suggests that ensemble of the weakly interacting excitations, obeying the Bose-Einstein statistics, can experience at sufficiently high concentration a transition to a coherent state - Bose-Einstein condensate,  where all momenta of CSFEs have the same value. In the work a comparative analysis of both incoherent and coherent cases is done.
Role of randomness of the electrostatic field is discussed. In the incoherent phase the distribution of CSFE momenta is determined by a smooth random potential. Due to cool-down processes, diffusion and drift, which are fast compared to the CSFE lifetime, the magnetoexciton gets ``stuck'' in the smooth random electrostatic potential with minimum total energy, i.e. with zero group velocity.
 Appearance of the coherent phase is associated with the interaction of magnetoexcitons. The intensity of optical absorption in the coherent phase under some conditions is found to be an order of magnitude higher than that in the incoherent phase. Conditions for a phase transition from the incoherent state to the coherent one are discussed. The considered problem is related to optical probing of the 2D electron system in the experimental
study of spin-cyclotron excitations in the quantum-Hall system. The obtained results are of interest for future experimental studies of CSFEs in a spin-unpolarized quantum-Hall system.

1.  C. Kallin and B.I. Halperin, Phys. Rev. B 30, 5655 (1984).
2.  S. Dickmann and I.V. Kukushkin, Phys. Rev. B 71, 241310(R) (2005).
3.  S. Dickmann, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 166801 (2013).
4.  L.V. Kulik , A.V. Gorbunov, A.S. Zhuravlev, V.B. Timofeev, S. Dickmann, I.V. Kukushkin, Nature Sci. Rep. 5, 10354 (2015).

S. Dickmann

JETP Letters 109, issue 1 (2019)
 

A gravitational wave signal, GW170817, from a binary neutron star merger has been recordedby the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo observatories on August 17, 2017 [1]. The deep underwater neutrino telescope Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector (Baikal-GVD) is currently under construction in Lake Baikal [2].In this work we present results of searches for high-energy neutrinos in coincidence with GW170817 by Baikal-GVD. Two different time windowswere used for the search. First, a ±500 s time window around the merger was used to search for neutrinos associated with prompt and extended gamma-ray emission. Second, a 14-day time window following the GW detection, to cover predictions of longer-lived emission processes. Since background events from atmospheric muons and neutrinos can be significantly suppressed by requiring time and space coincidence with the GW signal, relatively weak cuts can be used for neutrino selection. For the search for neutrino events within a ±500 s window around the GW event, 731 events were selected, which comprise >5 hit light sensors at>2 hit strings. After applying cascade reconstruction procedures and dedicated quality cuts, two events were selected. Finally, requiring directional coincidence with GW170817y< 20° no neutrino candidates survived.The absence of neutrino candidates associated with GW170817 in the ±500 s window as well as in 14 day window allows to constrain the fluence of neutrinos from GW170817. Assuming an E^-2 spectrum single-flavor differential limits to the spectral fluence in bins of one decade in energy have been derived. In the range from 5 TeV to 10 PeV a 90% CL upper limit is 5.2×(E/GeV)^-2 GeV^-1cm^-2for ±500 s time window search. The corresponding upper limit to the spectral fluencefor 14 day search window is 9.0×(E/GeV)^-2 GeV^-1cm^-2over the same energy range.

1. B.P. Abbott, R. Abbot, T.D. Abbot et al. (LIGO and VIRGO Collaborations), Phys. Rev. Lett., 119, 161101 (2017).
2. A.D. Avrorin, A.V. Avrorin, V.M. Aynutdinov et.al. (Baikal Collaboration)  PoS (ICRC2017),1034, (2017)

A.D. Avrorin, A.V. Avrorin, V.M. Aynutdinov et.al. (Baikal Collaboration) 

JETP Letters  108, issue 12 (2018)

[1] V.V.Dmitriev, L.A.Melnikovsky, A.A.Senin, A.A.Soldatov, and A.N.Yudin, JETP Lett. 101, 808 (2015).

Dmitriev V.V., Kutuzov M.S., Melnikovsky L.A., Slavov B.D., Soldatov A.A.,Yudin A.N. 
JETP Letters 108, issue 11(2018)

¹M.V. Sadovskii. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 178, 1243 (2008).

²M.V. Sadovskii. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 186, 1035 (2016).

³M.V. Sadovskii, E.Z. Kuchinskii, I.A. Nekrasov, JMMM 324 3481, (2012).

⁴M. Sunagawa et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 85, 073704 (2016).

⁵K. Held et al. Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 15, 2611 (2001).

⁶P.J. Hirshfeld, M.M. Korshunov, I.I. Mazin. Rep. Prog. Phys. 74, 124508 (2011).

I.A.Nekrasov, N.S.Pavlov

     JETP Letters  108 , issue 9 (2018)

The discovery of solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations means that at least two of the three mass neutrino states are non-zero. Certain values ​​of the oscillation parameters together with restrictions on the sum of the light neutrino masses obtained from the Planck space telescope data limit the heaviest mass state (ν1, ν2, ν3) of three known types of neutrinos (νe, νμ, ντ) to 70 meV.

The measured decay width of the Z-boson indicates that the heavier neutrino mass states, if they exist, must be related to the sterile neutrino. The simplest mechanism of mass formation is ensured by the existence of right-handed, sterile neutrino interactions. Such neutrinos can be mixed with three active types of neutrinos. The mixing effect leads to neutrino oscillations, it can manifest itself in the processes of production of active neutrinos and lead to the decay of sterile neutrinos into particles of the Standard Model (SM).

Sterile neutrinos, in one form or another, appear in many extensions of the SM, they are well-motivated candidates for the role of dark matter particles. Although the search for sterile neutrinos has been conducted for many years, convincing results of their existence have not yet been obtained [1].

This paper is devoted to the search for the manifestations of massive neutrinos in the measured electron spectra arising from the decay of nuclei ¹⁴⁴Ce – ¹⁴⁴Pr. The source of electronic antineutrinos ¹⁴⁴Ce – ¹⁴⁴Pr is one of the most suitable for studying neutrino oscillations into a sterile state with a mass of about 1 eV. We decided to test the possibility of radiation in these beta transitions of heavy sterile neutrinos with a mass of from 1 keV to 3 MeV. The range of possible studied neutrino masses is determined by the resolution of the spectrometer used [2] and the boundary energy of beta decay of the ¹⁴⁴Pr nucleus.

A spectrometer consisting of a Si(Li) full-absorption detector and a transition Si-detector was used for precision measurements of the electron spectrum arising from the beta decays of ¹⁴⁴Ce – ¹⁴⁴Pr nuclei. The beta spectrum measured during 364 h is analyzed to find the contribution from heavy neutrinos with masses from 10 keV to 1 MeV. For neutrinos with a mass in the range (150–350) keV, new upper limits on the mixing parameter at the level |U_eH|² ≤ 2×10^–3 - 5×10⁻³ for 90% confidence level have been obtained.

The achieved sensitivity to |U_eH|² can be increased several times after precision measurement of the response function when using a 4π-geometry spectrometer, in which the response function for monochromatic electrons practically coincides with the Gaussian function [3].

[1]. K.N. Abazajian, M.A. Acero, S.K. Agarwalla et al. (Collaboration), Light Sterile Neutrinos: A White Paper, arXiv:1204.5379v1 (2012).

[2]. I. E. Alexeev, S.V. Bakhlanov, N.V. Bazlov, E. A. Chmel, A. V. Derbin, I. S. Drachnev, I.M. Kotina, V.N. Muratova, N.V. Pilipenko, D.A. Semyonov, E.V. Unzhakov, V.K. Yeremin, Nuclear Inst. And Methods in Physics Research A 890, 647 (2018).

[3]. A.V. Derbin, A. I. Egorov, I.A. Mitropolskii, V. N. Muratova, S.V. Bakhlanov, and L.M. Tukhkonen, JETP Lett. 65, 605 (1997).

A.V. Derbin, I.S. Drachnev, I.S. Lomskaya, V.N. Muratova. N.V. Pilipenko,

D.A. Semenov, L.M. Tykhkonen, E.V. Unzhakov, A.Kh. Khusainov

 JETP Letters 108, issue 8 (2018)

The possibility to create, manipulate and detect spin-polarized currents is at the very heart of semiconductor spintronics [1]. Stationary spin polarized currents were successfully generated in various semiconductor heterostructures and low-dimensional mesoscopic samples [2]. However, controllable manipulation of charge and spin states, applicable for ultra small size electronic devices design requires analysis of non-stationary effects and transient properties [3-5]. Consequently, the problem of non-stationary evolution of initially prepared spin and charge state in correlated nanostructures (quantum dots, impurity atoms, etc.) is really vital.

In the present paper we analyze non-stationary spin-polarized currents flowing through the correlated single-level quantum dot localized between non-magnetic leads in the presence of applied bias voltage and external magnetic field. We reveal, that spin polarization and direction of the non-stationary currents can be simultaneously inverted by sudden changing of applied bias voltage. We also analyze time evolution of the spin polarization degree and demonstrate the possibility of its sign changing following the applied bias polarity. This effect opens the possibility for the spin-polarization train pulses generation with the opposite degree of polarization. Application of external magnetic field allows to consider correlated single-level quantum dot as an effective non-stationary spin filter.

[1] I. Zutic, J. Fabian, S. Das Sarma, Rev. Mod. Phys., 76, 323 (2004)

[2] M.E. Torio, K. Hallberg, S. Flach, A.E. Miroshnichenko, M. Titov, Eur. Phys. J. B37, 399 (2004)

[3] N.S. Maslova, I. V. Rozhansky, V.N. Mantsevich, P.I. Arseyev, N.S. Averkiev, E. Lahderanta, Phys. Rev. B 97, 195445 (2018)

[4] V.N. Mantsevich, N.S. Maslova, P.I. Arseyev, Physica E, 93,224 (2017)

[5] N.S. Maslova, P.I. Arseyev, V.N. Mantsevich, Solid State Comm. 248, 21 (2016)

Mantsevich V.N., Maslova N.S., Arseyev P.I.

JETP  Letters 108, №7 (2017)     

 It is well known that Yang-Mills theory possesses a nontrivial topological structure: it has an innite series of energetically degenerate but topologically distinct classical vacua. At nite temperature thermal uctuations of elds can lead to (sphaleron) transitions between various vacuums. Due to the chiral anomaly the rate of these transitions describes the evolution of the chiral charge in Quantum Chromodynamics or baryon charge in electroweak theory.
 For the rst time the sphaleron rate $\Gamma$ was measured by means of lattice simulations in gluodynamics with gauge group SU(3). Calculations are carried out on the basis of Kubo formula, which relates the sphaleron rate and correlator of the topological charge density. Topological charge density correlator was measured by Gradient Flow method. The inversion of the Kubo formula was carried out by Backus-Gilbert method. The nal result is $\Gamma/T^4=0.062(18)$ at the temperature $T/T_c=1.24$, what is in agreement with the results of real time calculations at weak coupling [1].

[1] G. D. Moore and M. Tassler, JHEP 1102, 105 (2011) doi:10.1007/JHEP02(2011)105 [arXiv:1011.1167 [hep-ph]].

A.Yu.Kotov

JETP Letters 108, issue 6 (2018)

At the birth of quantum mechanics, E. Schrödinger realized that a free relativistic electron, described by the Dirac Hamiltonian, exhibits oscillations in space resulting from the interference of the positive and the negative-energy solutions of the Dirac equation [1]. Recently, it was suggested that Zitterbewegung is not limited to free electrons but is a common feature of systems with a gapped or level-split spectrum exhibiting a formal similarity to the Dirac Hamiltonian [2]. Here, we study the motion of electrons in a semiconductor system with spin-orbit coupling and the Zeeman gap opened by an external magnetic field. It is shown that, in addition to the well-known Brownian motion, electrons experience an inherent trembling motion of quantum-mechanical nature. The effect originates from the fact that the electron velocity is not a conserved quantity and contains an oscillating contribution. The Zitterbewegung occurs for all the electrons, also for electrons in thermal equilibrium. Experimental study of the electron Zitterbewegung in such conditions requires the use of noise spectroscopy. We show that the Zitterbewegung of individual electrons can be phase-synchronized by initializing the electrons in the same spin state. In this case, the coherent precession of the individual electron spins drives their back-and-forth motion in real space giving rise to a macroscopic high-frequency electric current. Such a coherent Zitterbewegung is maintained as long as the coherent spin precession of the electrons is not destroyed by the processes of spin dephasing. We develop a theory of the coherent Zitterwebegung for the cases of ballistic and diffusive electron transport, predict its enhancement at the plasmon resonance conditions, and discuss its relation to the spin-galvanic effect [3,4].

[1] E. Schrödinger, Über die kräftefreie Bewegung in der relativistischen Quantenmechanik, Sitz. Press. Akad. Wiss.Phys.-Math. 24, 418 (1930).

[2] W. Zawadzki and T. M. Rusin, Zitterbewegung (trembling motion) of electrons in semiconductors: a review, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 23, 143201 (2011).

[3] E.L. Ivchenko, Yu.B. Lyanda-Geller, and G.E. Pikus, Current of thermalized spin-oriented photocarriers, Sov. Phys. JETP 71, 550 (1990).

[4] S.D. Ganichev, E.L. Ivchenko, V.V. Bel’kov, S.A. Tarasenko, M. Sollinger, D. Weiss, W. Wegscheider, and W. Prettl, Spin-galvanic effect, Nature 417, 153 (2002).

S. A. Tarasenko, A. V. Poshakinskiy, E. L. Ivchenko, I. Stepanov,

M. Ersfeld, M. Lepsa, and B. Beschoten

JETP Letters 108, issue 5 (2018)

Cyclotron resonance photoconductivity (CRP) is one of the power tools for study of the interaction of two-dimensional particles with electromagnetic radiation especially after the discovery of microwave induced magnetoresistance oscillations [1] that have created a lot of questions in the area, where, after the issue of the well-known review [2], it seemed that everything was clear. In this work, we report on the observation of CRP of two-dimensional (2D) electrons under very unusual conditions – in 2D semimetal in that their number (109 – 1010) cm-2 is much (from one to three orders) less than number of holes. So for the first time the cyclotron resonance have been observed from the electrons moving through the hole liquid, which strongly screens an impurity scattering potential and an electron-electron interaction. At first glance, it is impossible to observe CRP in this situation because of a very small absorption rate; however it has been detected in our experiments. Moreover, at 432 µm wavelength no decreasing of the CRP amplitude was observed when electron density decreased from 1010 cm2 to 109 cm2 . The experiments demonstrate that interaction of 2D electrons in semiconductor structures with the high frequency electromagnetic field is not so simple problem. It is likely there is a strong field enhancement in 2D system due to many particle effects in the spirit of a recent theory work [3]. Anyway, the further study of this phenomenon is of undoubted interest.

[1] I. A. Dmitriev, A. D. Mirlin, D. G. Polyakov, and M. A. Zudov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 1709 (2012).

[2] T. Ando, A. B. Fowler, and F. Stern, Rev. Mod. Phys. 54, 673 (1982).

[3] A. D. Chepelianskii, D. L. Shepelyansky, Phys. Rev. B 97, 125415 (2018).

Z.D. Kvon

JETP Letters 108, issue 4 (2018)